The Mayen ware produced in Mayen is considered characteristic and relevant to dating. These ceramic products were formative for parts of the ancient European economic structure. The Mayen potteries were part of the pre-modern industrial area between the Eastern Eifel and the Rhine. Here, a seamless transfer of knowledge and technology from the Roman era to the early Middle Ages took place throughout the 5th century. The study goes beyond the typochronological assessment of the vessel pottery. It also addresses aspects of the individual lives of the potters in their multi-layered lifeworlds, such as their beliefs, their dependencies on property or the monetary economy.

Economic aspects permeate all areas of public and private life in ancient societies, whether in urban development, religion, art, housing, or in death. Research on ancient economies has long played a significant role in ancient history. Increasingly in the last decades, awareness has grown in archaeology that the material culture of ancient societies offers excellent opportunities for studying the structure, performance, and dynamics of ancient economic systems and economic processes. Therefore, the main objective of this congress was to understand economy as a central element of classical societies and to analyse its interaction with ecological, political, social, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The theme of the congress was addressed to all disciplines that deal with Greco-Roman civilization and their neighbouring cultures from the Aegean Bronze Age to the end of Late Antiquity.
In this collective volume, single contributions from sessions 11 and 12 deal with digital topics such as computational approaches and 3D documentation in archaeology and building research. On the other hand, the studies include topics on ancient sculptures and sanctuaries as well as the rituals associated with them.
Furthermore, the numerous transcribed posters which have been presented and discussed during the congress week in the context of a poster session are published in this volume.

Deserted sites – rural settlements abandoned in the Middle Ages – are an important but often neglected factor in the development of today's cultural landscape. The research of the author Rudolf Bergmann, which is supported by the European funding program LEADER, is dedicated to these deserted sites. For the first time all references to the abandoned places of the Middle Ages in the area of the modern Hochsauerland and Ostsauerland around the six towns of Brilon, Hallenberg, Medebach, Marsberg, Olsberg and Winterberg are brought together in one volume.
The main part of the work is a catalog of almost 400 pages. There, for each former settlement, historical evidence, cartographic information, geographic features and archaeological finds are reproduced in detail.
The data impressively prove that the Hochsauerland was already largely developed by settlers in the early Middle Ages and it was not until the beginning of the early modern period that a massive depopulation took place due to a variety of factors.

Depictions of battles not only paint a picture of victory and defeat or of “friend” and “foe”, but also contain a tightly woven network of clues as to what makes the “enemy” actually an “enemy”, why it is necessary to fight him, or by which means victory is achieved.
The aim of this book is to identify these clues by analysing examples of battle reliefs from the Roman imperial era and from battle scenes in movies set in ancient Rome, thereby providing insights into the societal concepts and values of the time in which the depictions were created. The evaluation intends to differentiate current visual habits and expectations from the statements underlying the reliefs of the Roman imperial era and to provide impulses for a more immediate examination of ancient monuments.

Economic aspects permeate all areas of public and private life in ancient societies, whether in urban development, religion, art, housing, or in death. Research on ancient economies has long played a significant role in ancient history. Increasingly in the last decades, awareness has grown in archaeology that the material culture of ancient societies offers excellent opportunities for studying the structure, performance, and dynamics of ancient economic systems and economic processes. Therefore, the main objective of this congress was to understand economy as a central element of classical societies and to analyse its interaction with ecological, political, social, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The theme of the congress was addressed to all disciplines that deal with Greco-Roman civilization and their neighbouring cultures from the Aegean Bronze Age to the end of Late Antiquity.
This collective volume contains single contributions from sessions 6, 7 and 8, which discuss questions about consumption and investment in everyday life, sanctuaries and urban contexts, as well as questions about the role of the city in the ancient economy.

From 1990 to 1993, in front of the porta praetoria of the main camp in Haltern, a pottery district was discovered and archaeologically investigated, which existed at the same time as the camp. Unambiguous workshop buildings could not be identified, because the excavation section was too small. However, several kilns and pottery were uncovered. The range of types produced is considerably broader than in other Augustan military pottery workshops, and at the same time some types, such as the cooking pot types Ha 56 to 58, were produced in a veritable mass production.
The entire pottery district T8 was levelled in Roman times. Skeletons of 24 probably male individuals and one dog were uncovered, which had been thrown into the working pit of kiln 10 without grave goods and were covered with the rubble. Since both Germanic tribes and Romans would have cremated and buried their own dead, these are probably Germanic warriors who were buried after an attack.
Anthropological, archaeomagnetic, geochemical and mineral analyses of finds and features complete the investigation.

The publication of the decorated Arretine ceramics from the Roman encampments on the river Lippe at Oberaden and Haltern is of great interest, above all because historical events as well as dendrochronological and numismatic investigations have established the dating of the camps to the period between 11 BC and AD 9.
Against this background, the determination of specific potters and places of manufacture of the pieces found in Oberaden and Haltern is the main aim of this work. For this purpose, both the decorations and potter's stamps are examined and chemical analyses are taken into account. The typological and chronological classification of the vessels and finally a comparison of certain find sites should help to date the potteries themselves and their delivery times in the sales areas more precisely. This also provides an overview of the range of shapes and motifs used by certain potters within the firmly defined period and find area.
With the presentation of the decorated Arretina, the complete stock of Terra Sigillata from Haltern is now published.
This thesis was accepted as a dissertation at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster in 1991.

From 1975 to 1987, the largest contiguous burial ground of the Bronze and Iron Ages (3000 to 50 B.C.) in northwestern Europe was archaeologically investigated in Warendorf-Neuwarendorf. On an area of more than eight hectares, 341 graves were uncovered, only nine were inhumations. Hence, by far the largest part of the graves are cremations, marked above ground with mounds and ditches. The largest are 35 meters long. In some enclosures, archaeologists also found remains of elaborate wooden structures. A road about ten meters wide led through the cemetery, along which many of the more elaborate burial complexes were aligned. The analysis of the features and finds, anthropological investigations and scientific dating led to the identification of five occupation phases.
Of particular interest was the relatively frequent evidence of re-opened graves, which indicates on the one hand ritual grave openings and on the other hand robbery.
This thesis was accepted as a dissertation at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster in 2003.

Scholars from several nations and disciplines met in March 2009 in the former Cluniac Priory of St. Ulrich near Bollschweil to discuss aspects of medieval castles. The invitation was extended by the project group "The Castles in Medieval Breisgau" at the Universities of Dortmund and Freiburg i. Br., which aims at a complete survey of the castles of an old medieval landscape. At the conference, the results of many years of research were placed in a scientific context and compared on a supra-regional level.

Of the once numerous castles in medieval Breisgau, only a few survived the turbulent and warlike centuries of the early modern period on the Upper and High Rhine. A small stock of more or less well-preserved ruins contrasts with a considerable number of vanished castles, of which only written records and field names still bear witness. The Burgenlexikon, which was compiled in cooperation between the Department of Regional History of the Historical Seminar of the University of Freiburg i. Br. and the Historical Institute of the Technical University of Dortmund, contains a richly illustrated catalog of all castles and castle sites of the Breisgau region in its medieval extent and thus offers for the first time a complete inventory of the high and late medieval castle landscape there. It will be published in four parts, of which so far the two volumes for the northern Breisgau and with this volume now also the first for the southern Breisgau are available.

Of the once numerous medieval castles in the Markgräflerland and in the Breisgau, only a few survived the eventful and warlike centuries of the early modern period on the Upper Rhine. A small number of more or less well-preserved ruins are contrasted by a considerable number of vanished castles, of which only written records and field names still bear witness. The Castle Book, which was compiled in the Department of Regional History at the Historical Seminar of the University of Freiburg i. Br., contains a richly illustrated catalog of all castles and castle sites in the Breisgau region in its medieval extension and thus offers for the first time a complete inventory of the high and late medieval castle landscape there. It will be published in four volumes, the first two parts covering the northern Breisgau, two more are planned for the southern Breisgau.

Is it possible to define what it means to be human based on biological, social, ecological, or cultural factors? Is it something physical, something in the way we think, or in the way we behave? When we look at the long history of humankind, it becomes clear that we had to experience many different developmental stages throughout the millions of years of developmental history to become the multifaceted species that populates this Earth today.English Edition of: "Menschsein. Die Anfänge unserer Kultur"

On October 28 and 29, 1994, the Freiburg Research Network "Archaeology and History of the First Millennium in Southwest Germany" organized a colloquium at the University of Freiburg with the topic "The Southwest in the 8th Century from a Historical and Archaeological Perspective".
During the colloquium in 1994 such a period of upheaval was to be looked at more closely with the 8th century. This period, which cannot be strictly defined as a century, shows its transitional character in various respects, e.g. in political history with the striking end of the Alemannic duchy in the middle of the century and the integration of Alemannia into the Frankish Empire, in settlement archaeology with the flowing end of the row grave custom, the typical burial custom in the Merovingian Empire, and thus of the so-called row grave civilization. It was the intention of the colloquium to work out selective and long-term changes of this kind in the concentration on a region characterized by manifold historical traditions (Celts, Romans, Alemanni) as well as in the specific comparison with other historical landscapes and to approach the topic both in a general overview and in individual case studies.

On the southern edge of the Teutoburg Forest, a settlement from the 7th and 8th centuries was archaeologically investigated in Lengerich-Hohne in 1983/84. All in all, the picture of a rural settlement from the time before the incorporation of Westphalia into the Frankish Empire is presented. Although the settlement ends with Charlemagne's Saxon wars, no causal connection can be established either on the basis of the finds or the features.
The finds comprise metal objects, spindle whorls, weaving weights and stone tools such as whetstones and grinding stones. Most frequent, however, is pottery. With the help of ceramic chronology, stratigraphy and the results of house research, at least three successive settlement phases of the early Middle Ages could be identified. However, the assignment of individual buildings to courtyard groups remained uncertain. Especially worth mentioning is the ship-shaped main house 1, which is a typical representative of this building form characteristic for the 8^th century in the East Dutch-Westphalian area.
This thesis was accepted as a dissertation at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster in 1998.

Economic aspects permeate all areas of public and private life in ancient societies, whether in urban development, religion, art, housing, or in death. Research on ancient economies has long played a significant role in ancient history. Increasingly in the last decades, awareness has grown in archaeology that the material culture of ancient societies offers excellent opportunities for studying the structure, performance, and dynamics of ancient economic systems and economic processes. Therefore, the main objective of this congress was to understand economy as a central element of classical societies and to analyse its interaction with ecological, political, social, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The theme of the congress was addressed to all disciplines that deal with Greco-Roman civilization and their neighbouring cultures from the Aegean Bronze Age to the end of Late Antiquity.
In this collective volume, single contributions of sessions 4 and 5 deal with questions on the exploitation of resources such as metals and marble in the Roman imperial period and also on distribution, trade and networks in general in antiquity. Thematically, the studies range from trade and cultural contacts in the Iron Age and Archaic Mediterranean, Greek and Roman coinage, to Roman trade and transport systems.

Cicero's Paradoxa Stoicorum (46 B.C.) is a work that has long been forgotten in high school education. The Paradoxa aspire to popularize the scholarly language of Stoic philosophy with the help of rhetoric. This – from today's perspective – interdisciplinary character and the brevity of the work are reasons that allow students of our time an unusually open as well as easy access to Latin philosophical literature, which draws attention to the interdisciplinary value of teaching Latin in schools. This book focuses on concepts such as happiness, freedom and wealth, which are difficult to define, but – at the same time – determine everyday life. The book wants to show the benefits of the Paradoxa Stoicorum in particular as well as the benefit of teaching Latin across various disciplines in general.

Is it possible to define what it means to be human based on biological, social, ecological, or cultural factors? Is it something physical, something in the way we think, or in the way we behave? When we look at the long history of humankind, it becomes clear that we had to experience many different developmental stages throughout the millions of years of developmental history to become the multifaceted species that populates this Earth today.English Edition of: "Menschsein. Die Anfänge unserer Kultur"

The aim of the study is to investigate the characteristics of the sepulchral representation of the equestrian and senatorial population groups in the defined area and period of investigation on the basis of archaeological-epigraphic evidence. The question pursued is whether there were binding forms of sepulchral representation within these two social groups and of what kind they were. The forms of representation recorded are also analysed and interpreted with regard to their contextual intention and / or intended statement. The material basis of the study is an extensive catalogue of newly edited or so far unpublished sepulchral monuments of both groups of persons.

This volume collects the contributions presented at the conference »Armi votive in Sicilia«, held in Syracuse (Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi) and in Palazzolo Acreide (Town Hall) in November 2021.
This volume continues the project started with the conference »Armi votive in Magna Grecia« (Salerno-Paestum 2017), constituting a "second instalment" and taking up the same formula in combining an ambitious historical-archaeological analysis of the weapons offering in a diachronic and intercultural key.
Fifteen contributions that mark a turning point for the knowledge of the island, for a better understanding of the variability and complexity of this particular votive practice that underlines the role of war in antiquity. The volume also contains a reflection that goes beyond the island and synthesises a way of studying a complex repertoire (votive weapons and weapons in votive context) and indicates the challenges that research will have to face in the immediate future. In this collection the reader will find contributions from which to continue building the discourse on the dedication of weapons in Sicily and the ancient Mediterranean.

The Six-Year Priority Programme (SPP) 1630 „Ports from the Roman Imperial Period to the Middle Ages“, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), led to an interdisciplinary and networked cooperation between several project groups – Rhine, North Sea, Baltic Sea and inland ports – with research on early medieval glass finds at ports. External institutions and persons dedicated to research on the production and distribution of glass in the early Middle Ages were also included in the exchange taking place within the priority programme. The cooperation linked different regions: the Frankish Empire and the territories of the Frisians, Saxons, Vikings and Slavs.
Without the SPP, such networked and far-reaching research would not have been possible. The sub-project „The Early Medieval Port of Cologne – Production Site and Export Port for Glass“ with the glass workshops of the Merovingian and Carolingian periods recorded there, which were archaeologically and scientifically evaluated, forms the starting point for research on the early medieval economic history of glass in this volume.
The twelve contributions are based on lectures given at two conferences organised by the Römisch-Germanisches Museum of the City of Cologne (9-10 November 2016) and the Sydvestjyske Museum in Ribe, Denmark (20-22 March 2018).